list of tutorial you need to know about programming language

1 Getting Started ..................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 C Boot Disk ...................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 What Is An Identifier? ................................................................................... 1-2
1.3 What About The Underline? ......................................................................... 1-2
1.4 How This Tutorial Is Written ........................................................................ 1-2
1.5 A Discussion Of Some Of The Files .............................................................. 1-3
1.6 List.xrel ............................................................................................................ 1-3
2 Getting started in C ............................................................................. 2-1
2.1 Your First C Program .................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 A Program That Does Something ................................................................. 2-1
2.3 Another Program With More Output .......................................................... 2-2
2.4 To Print Some Numbers ................................................................................. 2-2
2.5 How Do We Print Numbers ........................................................................... 2-3
2.6 How Do We Add Comments In C ................................................................. 2-3
2.7 Good Formatting Style ................................................................................... 2-4
2.8 Programming Exercises ................................................................................. 2-5
3 Program Control .................................................................................. 3-1
3.1 The While Loop .............................................................................................. 3-1
3.2 The Do-While Loop ........................................................................................ 3-1
3.3 The For Loop .................................................................................................. 3-2
3.4 The If Statement ............................................................................................. 3-2
3.5 Now For The If-Else ....................................................................................... 3-3
3.6 The Break And Continue ............................................................................... 3-3
3.7 The Switch Statement ..................................................................................... 3-4
3.8 The Goto Statement ........................................................................................ 3-4
3.9 Finally, A Meaningful Program .................................................................... 3-5
3.10 Another Poor Programming Example ........................................................ 3-6
3.11 Programming Exercises ............................................................................... 3-7
4 Assignment & Logical compares ........................................................ 4-1
4.1 Integer Assignment Statements ..................................................................... 4-1
4.2 Additional Data Types .................................................................................... 4-2
4.3 Data Type Mixing ........................................................................................... 4-2
4.4 How To Use The New Data Types ................................................................. 4-3
4.5 Characteristics of Variable Types ................................................................. 4-3
4.6 Lots Of Variable Types .................................................................................. 4-3
4.7 The Conversion Characters ........................................................................... 4-5
4.8 Logical Compares ........................................................................................... 4-5
4.9 More Compares .............................................................................................. 4-6
4.10 Additional Compare Concepts .................................................................... 4-7
4.11 Logical Evaluation ........................................................................................ 4-7
4.12 Precedence Of Operators ............................................................................. 4-7
4.13 This Is A Trick, Be Careful .......................................................................... 4-8
4.14 Potential Problem Areas .............................................................................. 4-8
4.15 The Cryptic Part Of C .................................................................................. 4-8
4.16 The Cryptic Arithmetic Operator ............................................................... 4-9
4.17 The Conditional Expression ........................................................................ 4-9
4.18 To Be Cryptic Or Not To Be Cryptic .......................................................... 4-10
4.19 Programming Exercises ............................................................................... 4-10
C Tutorial i
5 Functions and variables ....................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Our First User Defined Function .................................................................. 5-1
5.2 Defining The Functions .................................................................................. 5-2
5.3 Passing A Value To A Function ..................................................................... 5-2
5.4 More About Passing A Value To A Function ............................................... 5-2
5.5 Now To Confess A Little Lie .......................................................................... 5-3
5.6 Floating Point Functions ................................................................................ 5-4
5.7 Scope Of Variables ......................................................................................... 5-5
5.8 More On "Automatic" Variables .................................................................. 5-6
5.9 What Are Static Variables? ........................................................................... 5-6
5.10 Using The Same Name Again ...................................................................... 5-6
5.11 What Is A Register Variable? ...................................................................... 5-6
5.12 Where Do I Define Variables? ..................................................................... 5-7
5.13 Standard Function Libraries ....................................................................... 5-7
5.14 What Is Recursion? ...................................................................................... 5-7
5.15 What Did It Do? ............................................................................................ 5-8
5.16 Another Example Of Recursion .................................................................. 5-8
5.17 Programming Exercises ............................................................................... 5-9
6 Defines and Macros .............................................................................. 6-1
6.1 Defines And Macros Are Aids To Clear Programming .............................. 6-1
6.2 Is This Really Useful? ..................................................................................... 6-1
6.3 What Is A Macro? .......................................................................................... 6-2
6.4 Lets Look At A Wrong Macro ....................................................................... 6-2
6.5 Programming Exercise ................................................................................... 6-3
7 Strings and Arrays ............................................................................... 7-1
7.1 What Is A String? ........................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 What Is An Array? ......................................................................................... 7-1
7.3 How Do We Use The String? ......................................................................... 7-1
7.4 Outputting Part Of A String .......................................................................... 7-2
7.5 Some String Subroutines ................................................................................ 7-2
7.6 Alphabetical Sorting Of Strings .................................................................... 7-3
7.7 Combining Strings .......................................................................................... 7-3
7.8 An Array Of Integers ..................................................................................... 7-3
7.9 An Array Of Floating Point Data .................................................................. 7-4
7.10 Getting Data Back From A Function .......................................................... 7-4
7.11 Arrays Pass Data Both Ways ....................................................................... 7-5
7.12 A Hint At A Future Lesson .......................................................................... 7-5
7.13 Multiply Dimensioned Arrays ..................................................................... 7-6
7.14 Programming Exercises ............................................................................... 7-6
8 Pointers ................................................................................................. 8-1
8.1 What Is A Pointer? ......................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 Two Very Important Rules ............................................................................ 8-1
8.3 Memory Aids ................................................................................................... 8-1
8.4 Another Pointer .............................................................................................. 8-2
8.5 There Is Only One Variable .......................................................................... 8-2
8.6 How Do You Declare A Pointer? ................................................................... 8-2
8.7 The Second Program With Pointers ............................................................. 8-3
8.8 A String Variable Is Actually A Pointer ....................................................... 8-3
8.9 Pointer Arithmetic .......................................................................................... 8-4
8.10 Now For An Integer Pointer ........................................................................ 8-4
8.11 Function Data Return With A Pointer ....................................................... 8-4
8.12 Pointers Are Valuable .................................................................................. 8-5
C Tutorial ii
8.13 Programming Exercises ............................................................................... 8-5
9 Standard Input/Output ....................................................................... 9-1
9.1 The Stdio.H Header File ................................................................................ 9-1
9.2 Input/Output Operations In C ..................................................................... 9-1
9.3 Other Include Files ......................................................................................... 9-2
9.4 Back To The File Named Simpleio.c ............................................................. 9-2
9.5 Dos Is Helping Us Out (Or Getting In The Way) ........................................ 9-2
9.6 Another Strange I/O Method ......................................................................... 9-3
9.7 Now We Need A Line Feed ............................................................................ 9-4
9.8 Which Method Is Best? .................................................................................. 9-4
9.9 Now To Read In Some Integers ..................................................................... 9-5
9.10 Character String Input ................................................................................ 9-6
9.11 Input/Output Programming In C ............................................................... 9-7
9.12 In Memory I/O .............................................................................................. 9-7
9.13 Is That Really Useful? .................................................................................. 9-8
9.14 Standard Error Output ................................................................................ 9-8
9.15 What About The Exit(4) Statement? .......................................................... 9-9
9.16 Programming Exercise ................................................................................. 9-9
10 File Input/Output ............................................................................... 10-1
10.1 Output To A File ........................................................................................... 10-1
10.2 Opening A File .............................................................................................. 10-1
10.3 Outputting To The File ................................................................................ 10-2
10.4 Closing A File ................................................................................................ 10-2
10.5 Outputting A Single Character At A Time ................................................ 10-2
10.6 The "Putc" Function .................................................................................... 10-3
10.7 Reading A File ............................................................................................... 10-3
10.8 Reading A Word At A Time ........................................................................ 10-4
10.9 This Is A Problem ......................................................................................... 10-4
10.10 Finally, We Read A Full Line .................................................................... 10-5
10.11 How To Use A Variable Filename ............................................................. 10-5
10.12 How Do We Print? ...................................................................................... 10-6
10.13 Programming Exercises ............................................................................. 10-7
11 Structures and Unions ....................................................................... 11-1
11.1 What Is A Structure? ................................................................................... 11-1
11.2 A Single Compound Variable ...................................................................... 11-1
11.3 Assigning Values To The Variables ............................................................ 11-2
11.4 How Do We Use The Resulting Data? ........................................................ 11-2
11.5 An Array Of Structures ............................................................................... 11-2
11.6 A Note To Pascal Programmers .................................................................. 11-3
11.7 We Finally Display All Of The Results ....................................................... 11-3
11.8 Using Pointers And Structures Together ................................................... 11-3
11.9 Pointer Arithmetic ........................................................................................ 11-4
11.10 Nested And Named Structures .................................................................. 11-4
11.11 Two More Variables ................................................................................... 11-5
11.12 Now To Use Some Of The Fields ............................................................... 11-5
11.13 More About Structures .............................................................................. 11-6
11.14 What Are Unions? ...................................................................................... 11-6
11.15 Another Union Example ............................................................................ 11-7
11.16 A New Concept, The Typedef .................................................................... 11-8
11.17 What Do We Have Now? ........................................................................... 11-9
11.18 Programming Exercises ............................................................................. 11-9
C Tutorial iii
12 Dynamic Allocation ............................................................................ 12-1
12.1 What Is Dynamic Allocation? ...................................................................... 12-1
12.2 Dynamic Variable Creation ......................................................................... 12-2
12.3 What Is A Heap? ........................................................................................... 12-2
12.4 More About Segments .................................................................................. 12-2
12.5 Back To The "Malloc" Function ................................................................. 12-3
12.6 What Is A Cast? ............................................................................................ 12-3
12.7 Using The Dynamically Allocated Memory Block ..................................... 12-3
12.8 Getting Rid Of The Dynamically Allocated Data ...................................... 12-4
12.9 That Was A Lot Of Discussion .................................................................... 12-4
12.10 An Array Of Pointers ................................................................................. 12-4
12.11 A Linked List .............................................................................................. 12-5
12.12 The Data Definitions ................................................................................... 12-6
12.13 The First Field ............................................................................................. 12-7
12.14 Filling Additional Structures ..................................................................... 12-7
12.15 Printing The Data Out ............................................................................... 12-7
12.16 More About Dynamic Allocation And Linked Lists ................................ 12-8
12.17 Another New Function - Calloc ................................................................. 12-8
12.18 Programming Exercises ............................................................................. 12-8
13 Character and Bit Manipulation ...................................................... 13-1
13.1 Upper And Lower Case ................................................................................ 13-1
13.2 Classification Of Characters ........................................................................ 13-2
13.3 The Logical Functions .................................................................................. 13-3
13.4 The Shift Instructions ................................................................................... 13-4
14Example Programs .............................................................................. 14-1
14.1 Why This Chapter? ...................................................................................... 14-1
14.2 whatnext.c - The Batch File Interrogator ............................................. 14-4
14.3 List.C - The Program Lister .................................................................... 14-6
14.4 Vc.C - The Visual Calculator ..................................................................... 14-9
15 The Visual Calculator - Version 1.00 ............................................... 15-1
15.1 The Visual Calculator Tutorial ................................................................... 15-1
15.2 Additional Comments ................................................................................... 15-3
16 Error Messages ................................................................................... 16-1
17 Coronado Enterprises C Tutor - Ver 1.00 ....................................... 17-1
18 HiTech C updates ............................................................................... 18-1
18.1 Relcc.c ............................................................................................................ 18-1
18.2 Modified Files ................................................................................................ 18-1
19 Further Reading ................................................................................. 19-1
19.1 Going from BASIC to C ............................................................................... 19-1
19.2 Programming in C, revised edition ............................................................. 19-1
19.3 Advanced C ................................................................................................... 19-1
19.4 ......................................................................................................................... 19-1
C Tutorial iv
Table of Figures
Trivial.c ........................................................................................................................ 2-1
Wrtsome.c .................................................................................................................... 2-1
Wrtmore.c ..................................................................................................................... 2-2
Oneint.c ........................................................................................................................ 2-2
Comments.c .................................................................................................................. 2-3
Goodform.c .................................................................................................................. 2-4
Uglyform.c ................................................................................................................... 2-5
While.c ......................................................................................................................... 3-1
Dowhile.c ..................................................................................................................... 3-1
Forloop.c ...................................................................................................................... 3-2
Ifelse.c .......................................................................................................................... 3-3
Breakcon.c .................................................................................................................... 3-3
Switch.c ........................................................................................................................ 3-4
Gotoex.c ....................................................................................................................... 3-5
Tempconv.c .................................................................................................................. 3-5
Dumbconv.c ................................................................................................................. 3-7
Intasign.c ...................................................................................................................... 4-1
Mortypes.c .................................................................................................................... 4-2
Lottypes.c ..................................................................................................................... 4-4
Compares.c ................................................................................................................... 4-6
Cryptic.c ....................................................................................................................... 4-9
Sumsqres.c .................................................................................................................... 5-1
Squares.c ...................................................................................................................... 5-3
Floatsq.c ....................................................................................................................... 5-4
Scope.c ......................................................................................................................... 5-5
Recurson.c .................................................................................................................... 5-8
Backward.c ................................................................................................................... 5-8
Define.c ........................................................................................................................ 6-1
Macro.c ......................................................................................................................... 6-2
Chrstrg.c ....................................................................................................................... 7-1
Strings.c ........................................................................................................................ 7-2
Intarray.c ...................................................................................................................... 7-3
Bigarray.c ..................................................................................................................... 7-4
Passback.c .................................................................................................................... 7-5
Multiary.c ..................................................................................................................... 7-6
Pointer.c ........................................................................................................................ 8-1
pointer2.c ...................................................................................................................... 8-3
twoway.c ...................................................................................................................... 8-5
simpleio.c ..................................................................................................................... 9-1
singleio.c ...................................................................................................................... 9-3
betterin.c ....................................................................................................................... 9-4
intin.c ............................................................................................................................ 9-5
stringin.c ....................................................................................................................... 9-6
special.c ........................................................................................................................ 9-8
formout.c ...................................................................................................................... 10-1
charout.c ....................................................................................................................... 10-2
readchar.c ..................................................................................................................... 10-3
readtext.c ...................................................................................................................... 10-4
readline.c ...................................................................................................................... 10-5
anyfile.c ........................................................................................................................ 10-6
printdat.c ....................................................................................................................... 10-6
struct1.c ........................................................................................................................ 11-1
struct2.c ........................................................................................................................ 11-2
C Tutorial v
struct3.c ........................................................................................................................ 11-3
nested.c ......................................................................................................................... 11-5
union1.c ........................................................................................................................ 11-7
union2.c ........................................................................................................................ 11-8
dynlist.c ........................................................................................................................ 12-1
bigdyn1.c ...................................................................................................................... 12-5
dynlink.c ....................................................................................................................... 12-6
uplow.c ......................................................................................................................... 13-1
charclas.c ...................................................................................................................... 13-2
bitops.c ......................................................................................................................... 13-3
shifter.c ......................................................................................................................... 13-4
dosex_1616.c ................................................................................................................ 14-4
whatnext.c .................................................................................................................... 14-6
list.c .............................................................................................................................. 14-6
vc.c ............................................................................................................................... 14-15
C Tutorial vi