ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT OPERATING SYSTEM

CONTENT
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 5
2 History of Operating Systems ................................................................................................................ 6
3 A history of personal computers ............................................................................................................ 8
4 Configuration........................................................................................................................................ 10
5 Display.................................................................................................................................................. 11
6 Motherboard ......................................................................................................................................... 11
7 Central processing unit ......................................................................................................................... 11
8 Primary storage..................................................................................................................................... 12
8.1 Technology and history ................................................................................................................ 13
9 Expansion card ..................................................................................................................................... 13
9.1 History of the expansion card ....................................................................................................... 13
10 Power supply .................................................................................................................................... 14
11 Computer power supply ................................................................................................................... 15
11.1 Domestic mains adaptors.............................................................................................................. 16
11.2 Linear power supply ..................................................................................................................... 16
11.3 Switched-mode power supply ...................................................................................................... 16
12 Optical disc ....................................................................................................................................... 17
12.1 First-generation optical discs........................................................................................................ 17
12.2 Second-generation optical discs ................................................................................................... 17
12.3 Third-generation optical discs ...................................................................................................... 18
13 Secondary storage............................................................................................................................. 18
14 Computer keyboard .......................................................................................................................... 18
15 Mouse (computing) .......................................................................................................................... 19
16 Main memory ................................................................................................................................... 20
17 Hard disk drive ................................................................................................................................. 20
18 Graphics - Video card....................................................................................................................... 20
19 Disk operating system ...................................................................................................................... 21
19.1 History of DOS ............................................................................................................................. 21
20 Examples of disk operating systems that were extensions to the OS ............................................... 22
21 Examples of Disk Operating Systems that were the OS itself ......................................................... 22
22 Input/Output System......................................................................................................................... 23
23 Command Syntax ............................................................................................................................. 25
23.1 Checking the Disk ........................................................................................................................ 28
23.2 Backing Up a Floppy Disk ........................................................................................................... 28
Jelena Mamčenko Operating Systems
Lecture Notes on Operating Systems 3
23.3 Erasing Files ................................................................................................................................. 29
23.4 Renaming Files ............................................................................................................................. 29
23.5 Copying Files ............................................................................................................................... 29
24 Subdirectory Introduction................................................................................................................. 31
25 Subdirectory Review ........................................................................................................................ 34
26 BATCH FILES ................................................................................................................................. 34
26.1 AUTOEXEC.BAT ....................................................................................................................... 41
27 Data structure in disk. ....................................................................................................................... 45
27.1 Disk Structure and Partitions ........................................................................................................ 45
27.2 Disk tracks, cylinders, and sectors ............................................................................................... 45
27.3 Cylinder group .............................................................................................................................. 46
27.4 Physical disk structure .................................................................................................................. 46
28 File systems ...................................................................................................................................... 47
29 FAT12 .............................................................................................................................................. 51
30 Initial FAT16 .................................................................................................................................... 51
30.1 Final FAT16 ................................................................................................................................. 52
30.2 Long File Names (VFAT, LFNs) ................................................................................................. 52
30.3 FAT32 .......................................................................................................................................... 52
30.4 FAT and Alternate Data Streams ................................................................................................. 53
30.5 Main disk structures ..................................................................................................................... 54
31 File Allocation Table ........................................................................................................................ 56
32 Floppy disk ....................................................................................................................................... 57
33 AUTOEXEC.BAT ........................................................................................................................... 58
34 CONFIG.SYS ................................................................................................................................... 58
34.1 Example CONFIG.SYS file for DOS .......................................................................................... 59
35 Computer software ........................................................................................................................... 59
35.1 Relationship to hardware .............................................................................................................. 60
35.2 Relationship to data ...................................................................................................................... 60
36 System, programming and application software .............................................................................. 60
36.1 Software program and library....................................................................................................... 61
37 Three layers of software ................................................................................................................... 61
38 Software operation ........................................................................................................................... 62
39 Memory control drivers .................................................................................................................... 62
40 Cash memory .................................................................................................................................... 63
41 UNIX operation system. Main features and commands. UNIX /
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